Abstract: With the rapid development of China’s high-speed railway industry, in order to ensure the good welding quality and improve the welding efficiency, it is necessary to improve the current rail welding technology and study effective new welding technology. The technology of non-vacuum electron beam welding can break the restriction of vacuum chamber and improve the efficiency and quality of rail welding. Differential air extraction technology and plasma extraction window technology were briefly introduced. The structure of non-vacuum electron gun, rail clamping and testing device were designed. The non-vacuum electron beam rail welding device was designed, which provides valuable reference for rail welding technology.