Abstract: The morphologies of inclusions in railway vehicle axle steel were observed by metallographic microscope,scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer, and its composition was analyzed. The optimized process scheme was put forward, and the removal effect of the inclusions by the optimized process was studied. The results show that there are 1.0-1.2 mm agglomerated large-sized Al2O3+2CaO inclusions in axle steel produced by traditional technology. By improving the primary hit rate of carbon and phosphorus at the end of converter, increasing the Al content at the end of converter from 0.015%-0.020% to 0.020%-0.025%, and increasing the Ca content from 0.0010%-0.0015% to 0.0015%-0.0020%, prolonginf the soft blowing time of LF and VD, reducing the feeding amount of aluminum wire and silicon calcium wire in LF and VD process, increasing the capacity of tundish, increasing the lower retaining wall of tundish, and optimizing the submerged entry nozzle to a six-hole swirling flow nozzle, it can effectively control the formation and removal of large-particle inclusions.