Abstract: The strength performance of the traversing mechanism transmission system for small-caliber artillery is critical to guaranteeing firing accuracy and service reliability. To address the gear shaft fracture in the transmission system under high firing rate and frequent steering conditions of a small-caliber artillery, this paper combined theoretical analysis and finite element simulation methods to conduct the strength of the traversing mechanism transmission system.Based on the dynamic model of the transmission system. We analyzed complex load conditions such as firing impact, inertial force, and friction force, and finite element software was used to perform strength simulation on key components of the transmission shaft. The improved structure was analyzed and its fatigue life was predicted to evaluate its fatigue performance. The results show that there is obvious stress concentration at the relieving groove of the transmission gear shaft. The transmission shaft bears large alternating stresses during high-frequency steering, which becomes the main factor affecting the strength of the system. Based on the analysis results, a structural optimization scheme is proposed. Simulation verification shows that after optimization the maximum stress of key components is reduced by approximately 40%, and fatigue life is significantly improved. The research results provide a theoretical basis and technical reference for the design optimization and reliability improvement of the traversing mechanism transmission system in small-caliber artillery.